Legal Bytes

When Pressing Suits, Judges Tell Jurors Neither Social Nor Media is OK

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Tue, 09 Mar 2010 15:00:44 -0500

A few months ago, Legal Bytes reported some important developments and judicial rulings concerning social media and freedom of the press in the United States (see, Freedom of the Press = Freedom to Tweet). But lest you be lulled into a false sense of security, freedom of the press only applies to the ‘press’ and not to jurors.

You have all seen the motion picture and television courtroom scenes played out numerous times. Evidence is admitted or not admissible. The jury is admonished to disregard certain remarks or testimony as inadmissible or irrelevant. Jurors are told they must reach a verdict on only the evidence that is allowable during the trial - nothing else. Now decades ago, a jury was told not to watch accounts of a case on television, or to listen to such on the radio, or to read newspaper articles about the case. Juries could be sequestered - squirreled away out of sight and, theoretically, out of harmful evidence’s way - until the verdict was rendered and justice done.

But today, with a mobile phone, PDA or any one of literally hundreds of devices – some no larger than a credit card – one can ‘tweet’ (www.Twitter.com), one can post to your or someone else’s wall (www.Facebook.com), one can upload photos (www.flickr.com) or videos (www.YouTube.com) or post to one’s own blog (www.LegalBytes.com). All from the convenience of the palm of your hand, purse or jacket pocket. One can also surf, search, ask and obtain answers across the web, almost instantaneously, with the press of a few buttons or the wave of one’s fingers across a touch screen. The interactive two-way communication and searches for independent information is at odds with our jury system that limits the juror’s knowledge base for decision-making purposes to what’s in her or his head when they walk in along with the evidence that is presented and deemed admissible by the court. Everything else is off limits – at least for administering justice. Although not the subject of this two-part blog posting, Legal Bytes has also covered the growing issue of whether a mindless application of disqualification criteria makes sense simply because you have a ‘friend’ or someone is ‘following’ you among the other thousands or millions of individuals on some social media platform (See, Florida Judges Can't Have Friends).

But now back to our story. Just this past December, the Judicial Conference Committee on Court Administration and Case Management issued its “Proposed Model Jury Instructions - The Use of Electronic Technology to Conduct Research on or Communicate about a Case”. I know this will surprise you, but the basic do’s and don’ts they proposed are:

Thou shalt not undertake any independent research, use any outside reference works, dictionaries, surf the web, or use any digital or other means to try and get information about the case or anything related to the case.
Thou shalt not communicate with anyone about the case – anyone - not even other jurors. No mobile phones, email, Blackberry, iPhone, SMS text messaging, tweets, blogging, chat rooms or social media platforms. None, nada, zilch, zero, null, never. Period.
Thou shalt decide the case solely on the admissible evidence presented in the courtroom.

Sound familiar? While many of us recognize there are sophisticated rules and regulations established to ensure evidence is presented in a fair manner, consistent with the system of justice - protecting the rights of the accused and the accuser, the plaintiff and the defendant - jurors often are curious – curious about questions that aren’t asked or answered during the course of a trial. In motion pictures or television, we get to go behind the scenes. We can often see what the jury cannot. But real juries may not appreciate, under the constraints of a particular case, why some information is simply not available to them, some questions not permissible, some witnesses never called and some answers never provided. It’s far too tempting to try and find out and with today’s digital technology – well, it’s not that hard to do so – sometimes even believing one can escape detection when doing so.

So stay tuned. In the next installment of this post, Legal Bytes will take you on a brief tour of some court decisions over the last few years, starting from simple emails and online surfing by jurors, to jurors who post blogs in the middle of jury deliberations, to tweets before, during and after multimillion dollar civil trials. Yes, we even have jurors communicating to each other on Facebook during a trial. You just can’t make this up.

While the next installment is pending, if you need to know more – how social media can help or hurt your company in litigation – remember that Reed Smith has teams of litigators who not only know digital (e-)discovery, forensic evidence, security and other technology applicable to legal proceedings, but also know social media – increasingly relevant, for good or bad, in dispute proceedings. Need us to press your suit and avoid being taken to the cleaners? Contact me, Joseph I. Rosenbaum or any Reed Smith attorney with whom you regularly work and stay tuned for Part II – Jurors Behave, or We’ll Throw the Facebook at You!

Useless But Compelling Facts - March

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Tue, 09 Mar 2010 12:07:29 -0500

Belated Happy New Year to all from the UBCF desk. As you know, we took a break from our “Useless But Compelling Facts” in December, and although the break lasted longer than I planned, I am pleased to report – we’re back!

So let’s begin the new year of trivial information that is destined to spice up your social media chatter:

Just a little more than a year ago, then President-elect Barack Obama become the first President-elect in more than 50 years (since President Eisenhower waved a fond farewell from a train on his way to inauguration in 1953) to board a train and head for his inauguration in Washington, D.C. ‘Whistle-stop’ campaigns owe their etymology to train campaigning - probably the most well-known image of a President-elect on a train is the picture of Harry Truman (whose campaign train was nicknamed the “Victory Special”) holding up the Chicago Tribune’s previous day’s headline incorrectly proclaiming “Dewey Defeats Truman”.

The President-elect tradition of coming to Washington, D.C. from Philadelphia by train is often credited as having originated, through a convoluted series of surreptitious changes and disguises, with Abraham Lincoln – who was a railroad lawyer before his ascendency in U.S. politics. But alas, President-elect Lincoln was not the first to make such a train trip.

Tell us, which President-elect was the first to do so? Be the first with the correct answer and be awarded the first prize of 2010. Send your answers to jrosenbaum@reedsmith.com.

Online Endorsements, Testimonials and Reviews Fake? Really?

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Thu, 25 Feb 2010 14:02:37 -0500

Online ratings got you perplexed? Seems like someone forgot to put "user ratings" on the list of reality shows. Well maybe, just maybe, those user ratings aren’t really "user" or "ratings" at all. What should you consider?

Well, on October 23, 2009, Joe Rosenbaum was interviewed by Sally Herships for Marketplace Money, a regular feature of Public Radio. If you missed it on the air, you can now listen to the audio, read a transcript of the interview, download an MP3, or subscribe to the podcast, by checking out the interview at: "Don't let online reviews fake you out."

Legal implications abound—for website operators and ratings' services that enable users to post reviews and content, as well as for anyone posting fake reviews or failing to disclose a material connection to the advertiser, its brands or products. So go listen and then come back if and when you need legal support. Contact Joe Rosenbaum, or the Reed Smith attorney with whom you regularly work.

Déjà vu All Over Again: Online Behavioral Advertising

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Tue, 23 Feb 2010 12:15:18 -0500

Just catching up with continuing efforts to educate the legal community on the implications of digital behavioral advertising and the importance of the industry self-regulatory efforts, as well as the dangers of legislation and regulation arising from insufficient or inaccurate information. In November of last year, Cyberspace Lawyer [Volume 14, Issue 10; November 2009], published "Advertising Industry Collaboration Releases Self-Regulatory Online Behavioral Advertising Principles," written by Joseph I. Rosenbaum.

The article follows the release, by the major advertising industry associations, of Self-Regulatory Principles for Online Behavioral Advertising, and Legal Bytes had numerous blog postings summarizing the individual principles, as well as an overview (see Self-Regulatory Online Behavioral Advertising Principle No. 7: Accountability that will link you to the others; or simply search "social media" in the keyword search box in the navigation column on the left side of the web page). The Cyberspace Lawyer article consolidates and integrates these summaries into a single article that you can read in that issue, or you can download the article here: "Advertising Industry Collaboration Releases Self-Regulatory Online Behavioral Advertising Principles" [PDF].

Joe Rosenbaum, who edits and publishes Legal Bytes, is general counsel of the Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB), one of the major industry associations that participated in the development and release of the actual principles. Behavioral advertising can be viewed as another aspect of the social media phenomenon sweeping the digital world, and if you want (or need) to know more, you should know that Reed Smith's Advertising Technology & Media Law Group can help with integrated experience and legal skills, both nationally and internationally. Let us know if we can help you.

Isn't Technology Supposed to Help Us? Help Us Work Smarter?

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Tue, 23 Feb 2010 10:47:53 -0500

If you have been reading Legal Bytes regularly, you know that Lois Thomson here at Reed Smith has been one of the primary people supporting my efforts to transform "legal-ese" into understandable English – no trivial task for those of you who are interacting or have ever interacted with lawyers. So it is with great joy that I was not only able to have her write a post for Legal Bytes, but that I also finally got to edit her article. Hopefully she will smile and agree it's been helpful. So, Lois, thank you, and here is your relevant and very timely note for all the world to see:

"I looked at an email I received from my friend, Robert, and wondered why the subject line was a reply regarding an issue of Legal Bytes that I had proofread for Joe Rosenbaum. 'Are you aware that you have been sending these to me?' Robert's message read. 'It seems like that might have been a mistake.'

"Ouch! A mistake indeed! You see, when Joe sends his documents to me to review, I proof them and make my suggested changes. I then simply hit the forward button to return them to him. Now as many of you email-program (e.g., Outlook) users already know, to make life easier (that's ostensibly what technology is supposed to do), once I start to type in "ro," Rosenbaum, Joseph I.'s name should automatically populate the 'To' field. Oops. Not this time. Instead, my friend Robert's name came up, and without looking – as I'm guessing so many of us routinely do – I hit enter and sent it off, pleased I had been so timely and responsive. Unfortunately, I was responding to my friend Robert, who may happily read Legal Bytes, but not, I suspect, the artist's proof!

"Fortunately, Joe and Robert were gracious about the whole thing and in this case, both felt no harm was done. But what if the message had been from your lawyer or doctor or a rabbi or priest, or was some other communication that was not ultimately meant for public consumption. It was a simple but powerful reminder to me (and one that Joe felt was important enough to ask me to pass it on to you), that while automated tools can make routine tasks like 'field completion' simpler, they can also lead to problems if we rely on them without thinking. Hmmmm, now why can't I remember phone numbers anymore – is it because they are all programmed into every device I own, so that I no longer have to think?"

A helpful reminder that while automated tools are great, they are just that – tools. If we aren't careful, the tools can work against us and not for us, and can create embarrassment at best, liability at worst. Thank you Lois (and Robert).

Need to know more? Contact me, Joseph I. Rosenbaum, or any Reed Smith attorney with whom you regularly work. Need proofreading skills? If you don't work for Reed Smith, don't call Lois. She's busy helping us every day. Thanks again, Lois.

Social Media Risks and Rewards

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Mon, 22 Feb 2010 14:19:03 -0500

On February 18, 2010, the International Law Office (ILO) published an article authored by Gregor Pryor and Sachin Premnath in the London office of Reed Smith, and Joe Rosenbaum in New York. It discusses the benefits and pitfalls of social media, and raises issues and concerns applicable to global companies—not just those on either side of the pond!

The article was derived from one published in Legal Week, and you can download your own PDF copy of “Commercial risks and rewards of the social media phenomenon” right here.

Are There Clouds in Your Future?

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Tue, 16 Feb 2010 12:50:29 -0500

Check out MediaPost’s SearchBlog yesterday (A Dream Cloud Computes The Future), which recounts the conversation Joe Rosenbaum had with reporter and blogger Laurie Sullivan about the future of cloud computing. Need to know more about the legal implications and issues? Call Joseph I. (“Joe”) Rosenbaum or the Reed Smith attorney with whom you regularly work.

Social Media Could Get You Fired? Really? Well, Yes. Really.

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Mon, 08 Feb 2010 09:15:39 -0500

If you aren’t careful, social media can hurt in the workplace, too. While recruiters, college and university admissions counselors, and many others have used profiles, postings, YouTube videos, and other social media platforms to gather information about candidates and prospects—corporations that are now increasingly monitoring their own presence, mentions, and brands in social media are discovering that employees—at work and outside the workplace—can be outstanding goodwill ambassadors, or may be saying a bit too much. In an interview with Laurie Sullivan, reporting in MediaPost News, Online Media Daily describes how Twitter And Facebook Could Get You Fired—because the same rules apply online as offline, but online are magnified by technology. Read the article, and when your company needs to develop a policy or understand how to optimize the benefits and minimize the legal risks, call me, Joe Rosenbaum; or Douglas J. Wood or Stacy Marcus, key lawyers in our Social Media Task Force; or any of the Reed Smith lawyers with whom you regularly work.

Social Media Risks and Rewards

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Wed, 03 Feb 2010 16:00:55 -0500

In the wake of our release and distribution of the Reed Smith Social Media Task Force’s groundbreaking white paper entitled “Network Interference: A Legal Guide to the Commercial Risks and Rewards of the Social Media Phenomenon,” Practical Law Publishing has published a summary, prepared by The Social Media Task Force at Reed Smith, available here and entitled, Social Media Risks and Rewards. The published article represents a condensation of the entire white paper, previously announced in Legal Bytes, and which you can still download in its entirety.

As we mentioned, we will be adding, supplementing and updating these materials with even more chapters and new information, and we will soon be launching a special web page dedicated to the evolving social media legal landscape. If you need help navigating this environment, bear in mind that Reed Smith has a Social Media Task Force – a team of lawyers who have experience, and can advise and guide you as the medium and media evolves. Contact me, Joe Rosenbaum, or Douglas J. Wood, Stacy Marcus, or any of the Reed Smith lawyers with whom you regularly work. How can we help you?

Rosenbaum on CNNMoney.com

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Mon, 01 Feb 2010 17:06:27 -0500

Joe Rosenbaum was featured on CNNMoney.com in the Small Business section in connection with a question about an individual cardholder’s liability for business-related charges on a business/corporate card issued while the individual was an employee.

For the answer, you’ll have to read the entire blog post on CNNMoney Small Business Q&A. Of course you can always contact Joe for the answer.

Outsourcing Providers Pitching Business? Be Careful What You Wish For.

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Thu, 28 Jan 2010 16:31:28 -0500

As far back as May 2005, Legal Bytes reported that Europe was becoming a major outsourcing hub for a variety of reasons (Outsourcing Statistics). Well just this week, the law started catching up.

In what is certainly a major ruling and quite possibly the beginning of emboldened plaintiff-customers seeking greater accountability from outsourcing providers, Electronic Data Systems (EDS) has lost a case initiated by British Sky Broadcasting Plc (BSkyB) back in 2004, alleging that EDS, one of the leading outsourcing providers in the world, had misled BSkyB about its capabilities and expertise. For those of you who are legal research hounds, the case is cited as HT-06-311, British Sky Broadcasting v. Electronic Data Systems, although I don’t believe it has been fully published yet. The dispute arose over a services contract that was entered into by EDS and BSkyB in 2000, well before EDS was purchased in 2008 by its current owner, Hewlett-Packard (HP), for slightly more than US$13 billion.

To give you the background, BSkyB selected EDS to develop a new customer relationship management (CRM) system for its call centers in Scotland. After almost two years and failure by EDS to deliver, by March 2002, BSkyB ended the contract and took over the project itself – the frustration and events ultimately leading to the legal proceedings filed in 2004 that alleged EDS lied about its ability to undertake and complete the project. On the other side of the case, in its own court documents, EDS alleged that BSkyB simply “did not know what it wanted,” and wanted the lowest cost possible to accomplish “it.” To highlight the disconnect further, the contract with EDS was for £48 million, but according to court documents filed in the case, with all of the delays, budget over-runs, EDS’ failure to deliver, and BSkyB taking over and completing the project itself, costs had mounted to £265 million.

Justice Ramsey, writing for the British High Court, ruled that EDS misled BSkyB in making false and fraudulent misrepresentations in pitching and marketing its capabilities to BSkyB, giving rise to a claim for damages. Further, the court concluded, to the extent these representations were fraudulent, the limitation of liability clause in the contract that would have otherwise limited EDS’ liability for damages should be set aside and does not apply. While damages have not yet been fixed, in theory, if one includes the differential in costs, lost profits and other damages that are now fair game, EDS could be liable to BSkyB for well in excess of £200 million – that’s more than US$315 million at current exchange rates.

This is a major decision not only in the UK, but also for outsourcing deals around the globe, and if the beginning of a precedential trend, it could signal a radical shift in the way outsourcing deals are bid, negotiated and consummated. There is no question that anyone involved in outsourcing knows that the customer does not always have its specifications and detailed requirements buttoned up when discussions begin. Indeed, outsourcing often presents a singularity at which time enhancements, efficiencies and improvements that might have been difficult or impossible internally, can be effected by moving the operations to a third-party provider. The provider, eager to win a lucrative bid, may over-promise or over-represent its experience and capabilities. Smart negotiators know that forcing both sides to diligently and meticulously work through the "devil in the detail," and making sure expectations, resources and capabilities are clearly set out and unambiguous, is the single most important contribution to be made in avoiding disputes, potential litigation and problems as the work and services unfold. Those of you in marketing know all too well that there is often a fine line between an actual claim and puffery. The former represents actionable representations, the latter . . . well, “you’ve tried the rest, now try the best” on every pizza box in the world.

Are you contemplating a major outsourcing initiative? Are you considering any outsourcing project, even a small one, involving critical operations – customer services, supply chain management, operations, transaction processing? Outsourcing is complicated. Need help? We wrote the book. No really, you can see for yourself: Outsourcing Agreements Line by Line: A Detailed Look at Outsourcing Agreements & How to Change Them to Fit Your Needs, written by none other than yours truly, Joseph I. Rosenbaum. Whether you check out the book or not, if you do need help, our Advertising Technology & Media law team here at Reed Smith has the help you need to make sure that, even if you are right, you can avoid the costly consequences and angst inherent in any legal proceedings between customers and providers. How can we help you? Call me, Joe Rosenbaum, or the Reed Smith attorney with whom you regularly work.

FINRA Issues Guidance in New Social Media Websites Notice

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Tue, 26 Jan 2010 15:23:28 -0500

In November, Legal Bytes reported (Regulators Poised to Give Financial Institutions a Slap in the Facebook) that Richard Ketchum, Chief Executive of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), acknowledged Wall Street is eager to use social media to interact with customers. In the course of his remarks at a recent meeting of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA), he noted, "We continue to witness the advent of technologies that will challenge your ability to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements,” and “Social networking is one such innovation."

Now, supplementing existing FINRA Rules, FINRA has released a notice concerning online media rules (you can download and read a copy of the notice below) whose key components include requirements that securities firms:

Must develop policies and require its employees to comply with the new regulatory requirements
Must retain records of communications (a compliance requirement of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) when social media is used to communicate
Must ensure that recommendations made through social media are suitable to all investors to whom the recommendation is made (e.g., by limiting or filtering access based on investor/consumer qualifications)

FINRA’s notice takes the position that securities firms must adapt existing rules to social media and essentially mirror the 2003 FINRA definition of “public appearance.” This definition noted that chat room postings were no different than if a firm representative was in a room making statements to a room filled with investors. FINRA’s current notice indicates that information posted or content placed online (static information) is subject to these same rules and must be approved by a firm principal – presumably, even information about individuals in the firm that may be part of an individual’s profile on the firm’s website or in social media platforms. But online interactions that are occurring on the fly (e.g., in real time), while subject to supervisory requirements (e.g., they must be supervised, perhaps even monitored), do not require such approvals.

You can read or download the FINRA Regulatory Notice 10-06 (Social Media Web Sites) [PDF] here.

As mentioned in the Legal Bytes November post, SEC disclosure rules apply to Tweets, blog postings, wall postings and other communication platforms provided by social media sites, and other regulatory agencies are seeking to address the use of social media sites by the entities they regulate (e.g., the FCC, the New York State Insurance Department). So if any of this is of interest and if you need to know more or need help, please contact me, Joseph I. Rosenbaum, or the Reed Smith attorney with whom you regularly work. We are happy to help.

Update: Reed Smith lawyers Christopher P. Bennet, Amy J. Greer, Jacob Thride and Kevin Xu have prepared a Client Alert on the subject which you can read by going to: FINRA Issues Notice for Financial Firms Using Social Media.

Freedom of the Press = Freedom to Tweet

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Tue, 26 Jan 2010 11:05:14 -0500

Twitter keeps hitting the newswires—in this instance, in a matter involving freedom of the press. You might have heard from time to time, especially in high-profile or emotionally charged cases, about judges who have used their power to control proceedings by restricting the use of certain communications equipment and mechanisms from within their courtrooms (e.g., use of mobile phones, video recording equipment, etc.).

From Pennsylvania comes an order from a Dauphin County judge refusing to bar reporters from sending Tweets during the course of a public and high-profile trial. In response to a motion by the defendants counsel, Judge Lewis, in a brief order, noted that ". . . to impose the proposed restriction would be premature and that the restriction itself is overly broad."

In this particular case, the defendants were concerned that reporters, using Twitter inside the courtroom, would broadcast witnesses testimony, which could then be read or seen by other witnesses who were yet to testify. While refusing to ban Twitter to reporters, the judge did order the witnesses to avoid reading or listening to reports concerning the trial.

As icing on the cake, our own Reed Smith lawyers, Tom McGough, Mark Tamburri and Tom Pohl, won the order on behalf of the Associated Press and Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Yes, Virginia, there is a place for social media in jurisprudence.

If you remember, Twitter was also the subject of some controversy in Pittsburgh during the G20 Summit last year. In that case, involving freedom of speech, police in Pittsburgh arrested a man who was using Twitter to send messages about the movements of police officers as protests were unfolding. Although the police sought to charge the man with aiding an illegal protest, the man was broadcasting what was easily visible in plain sight.

While commercial cases often involve money or intellectual property rights, or rights of publicity or privacy, cases are emerging that involve fundamental Constitutional rights. The law will need to move quickly into the digital and social media age in order to keep up. Some courts and judges are doing just that!

Need to know more? Contact me, Joseph I. Rosenbaum, or any Reed Smith attorney with whom you regularly work.

Court Rules Twitter Libel is Stale, and Neither Ripe Nor Moldy

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Fri, 22 Jan 2010 11:19:17 -0500

Back in July, Legal Bytes posted a report (Landlord Can't Let Tweet sMOLDer) about a Twitter "tweet" posted by Amanda Bonnen, that contained the following statement: "Who said sleeping in a moldy apartment was bad for you? Horizon realty thinks it's OK."

Back then we told you that Horizon Group Management, the landlord of the apartment building involved, filed suit in a Cook County Illinois Court for libel, alleging that it was a "malicious and defamatory" tweet about the state of her apartment.

Well this past Wednesday (Jan. 20, 2010), Cook County Circuit Court Judge Diane J. Larsen dismissed the suit, and Ms. Bonnen's attorney indicated the judge described the posting as too vague to constitute libel under the legal tests applicable to such a claim.

To support a claim of libel, Horizon would have had to show that Ms. Bonnen wasn't merely offering her opinion, that the statement must be reasonably understood by everyone to refer to the specific entity—in this case, this particular Horizon realty company—and that there was actual harm that can be proved, flowing from the statement. The fact that the statement was made on Twitter, and consequently widely available across the Internet, doesn't change the standard one must meet to prove libel, and the judge dismissed the case.

As you can guess, these aren't the only cases involving defamation in the context of social media. For example, the action against Courtney Love, wife of the late Kurt Cobain, is alive and well. You might recall that case arose when a fashion designer claimed Ms. Love tweeted that the designer was a drug addict, a prostitute and called her a "lying hosebag thief." As we reported in Legal Bytes this past August (Court Orders Google to Turn Over Blogger Identity Information), cases of defamation become even more complex when the identity of the actual "tweeter" is hidden behind a pseudonym.

These cases all hinge upon the friction created by social interaction. Defamation is not a new concept, and whether broadcast over radio waves or propagated across the web, it should come as no surprise that when human beings populate the borderless universe of cyberspace, these interactions can give rise to legal actions. The laws that apply to publicity, privacy, libel, deceptive advertising, unfair competition and intellectual property may need to be applied or viewed differently, but they don’t disappear simply because the content is digital. Need to know more? Contact me, Joseph I. Rosenbaum, or any Reed Smith attorney with whom you regularly work.

When the Fog Lifts, Don't Be Surprised if You Still See Clouds

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Wed, 20 Jan 2010 15:51:48 -0500

“If computers of the kind I have advocated become the computers of the future, then computing may someday be organized as a public utility just as the telephone system is a public utility . . . The computer utility could become the basis of a new and important industry.”

— John McCarthy, MIT Centennial, 1961

“Cloud computing” is a term used to describe the use of computer resources not solely as a communications protocol (e.g., the Internet), nor solely as a content or transaction host (World Wide Web), but as an application development and information processing service. To help explain further, to send an email, much like using the telephone, it makes no difference who your provider or host is or which carrier you use. There is a protocol that allows interoperability across networks and processors, and as long as the sender and recipient have an email address and access to an Internet connection, the email gets through. On the web, with access to the Internet and a browser (technology that displays content and functionality hosted at a particular Internet address), you can interact with the website – you can see the material displayed and you can "select" (click) to enable certain features.

Today, as a general rule, if you wanted to create, edit, spell check, save, send or share most content or information with someone, unless you plan on typing and formatting a very long email, you still need word processing, spreadsheet or presentation software programs to create and upload (communicate or store for display), or to see and use content that you might download. In a cloud-computing environment, all of these functions are resident in the "cloud." Imagine that you no longer needed a desktop or laptop computer processor, and all you had were input and display devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, monitor), which you could either carry or borrow wherever you went. Plug into a universal "outlet," enter your unique pass codes and authentication information, and you have everything you need – where and when you need it. Like telephone, electric or gas service, computing becomes a commodity accessible virtually anywhere and anytime, generally priced by usage, the applications, and the amount and type of storage for which you want and need access.

Cloud-computer services can be sold and paid for using plans not dissimilar to phone service – per call, per minute, unlimited, features, functions – and they disaggregate the user, whether individual or business enterprise, from the procurement, maintenance and operations of the underlying processors and software programs. Clouds can be public – made available to anyone on demand (think Wi-Fi registration based hot spots) or private (large companies can operate or arrange to have someone operate a closed-cloud environment). I summarize the basic characteristics of cloud computing as follows:

Flexibility – the user can easily modify use, resources, demand, access and virtually every other resource, without the need to purchase or dispose of any equipment or software, other than input and output devices. Increases or decreases in processing, development, storage or other requirements can be managed easily in real time and on an infinitely scalable basis.
Cost – commodity or utility pricing lowers user costs. Capital expenditures can be eliminated, license fees reduced and access fees managed more efficiently.
Resources - shared resources enable lower per-user, per-unit pricing, and optimization of peak and non-peak loads across user communities. Resource upgrades and enhancements can be amortized across a broad user base, seamlessly and transparently to the user community. Inter-exchange agreements between cloud providers will enable continuity and recovery, load management, and resource backup capability at optimal prices.
Independence – time, space and resource constraints become largely irrelevant to the extent Internet or web access is available.
Interoperability – absent unique or customized requirements that can be managed separately by the user, standardized applications, development tools and protocols are simpler to maintain and operate, debug, update and support.

While security and privacy is always a concern – more so where data, in addition to processing capability and storage, becomes more concentrated and accessible rather than distributed – more users and businesses will have the potential benefit of stronger security measures than are currently affordable or in use, to the extent cloud providers can develop and implement strong security standards and protocols within their service offerings.

So who are the actual or prospective players? Well lots of prognosticators and labelers are out there, but here is my list in basic categories:

Providers are those who procure, create, host and manage cloud resources and then sell access, services, features and functions in a cloud environment – wholesale or retail
Users are those who need to use and take advantage of cloud services, features and functions, whether individually or as part of a business
Intermediators are those who create intermediation and aggregation opportunities between and among providers. On the one hand, intermediators can bridge gaps between providers and create interface and sharing environments between or among providers. On the other hand, intermediators may begin finding niches in customizing or aggregating services, features or functions for particular industries or in particular regions.
Developers and supporters are those who develop utilities, applications, tools, features and functions to enhance the cloud experience, make additional services and applications available, and who maintain and support the efficient functioning of the cloud environment.

There may be others – my list is not intended to be comprehensive or even definitive. I don’t have a crystal ball, so time and experience will determine what we cannot now predict. Four computers, interconnected to respond to the perceived vulnerability of centralized computing, were the origins of the Internet. Distributed computing represented commercial attempts to amortize costs, decentralize institutionalized information, and enable greater redundancy and recovery capability. Networking and web-based computing gave us the ability to communicate, share and store information across multiple processors and devices through share protocols. While it’s still too foggy to tell what the future will bring, cloud computing represents the next big innovative thing in making the power of the computer and the Internet easier to use, more available, more interoperable and more cost-effective.

When the fog starts to lift, we may see clouds on the horizon. Whether they are storm clouds or fluffy wondrous sights of joy, I leave to your imagination. Stay tuned. But no matter what your visions of the future may be, if you see a cloud and you aren’t sure what the legal implications might be, please feel free to contact me, Joseph I. (“Joe”) Rosenbaum, or the Reed Smith attorney with whom you regularly work.

HITECH Means High Stakes in First-Ever State HIPAA Lawsuit

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Thu, 14 Jan 2010 16:52:07 -0500

Yesterday, the Attorney General of the State of Connecticut filed suit against the Connecticut subsidiary of Health Net, charging it with violations of the privacy and security requirements of HIPAA. The action, filed yesterday in the United States District Court in Connecticut, comes on the heels of a security breach involving medical records and Social Security numbers. The suit also names United Health Group Inc. and Oxford Health Plans LLC, who acquired Health Net of Connecticut but who were not involved in the data breach.

If you forgot, last year the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH), for the first time authorized individual state attorneys’ general to enforce the security and data privacy regulations under HIPAA, and this appears to be the first such action.

The lawsuit claims that Health Net in Connecticut failed to provide adequate security for the medical and financial records of hundreds of thousands of enrolled individuals, and failed to notify them promptly in connection with the breach. The breach, which took place last May, involved the disappearance of a computer hard drive. Health Net eventually reported the breach, posting a notice on its website and starting a staggered process of mailing letters to consumers November 30, 2009, almost six months after the security breach. For those of you involved in the collection, handling, maintenance, or use of personal, financial and medical information covered by HIPAA, new federal rules under the HITECH Act require "timely" notification of certain breaches, rules that have a compliance deadline of February 22, 2010.

Health Net attributed the delay in reporting to its inability to determine exactly what was on the computer hard drive that disappeared, thus not being sure if a notice was even required. One can only surmise that the mere fact that Health Net didn’t know what information was contained on a removable computer hard drive made its reasoning less than satisfactory to the Connecticut State Attorney General. Although Health Net appears to have conceded that the data was not encrypted, it did indicate that the data should not be visible without the use of specific software. However, Kroll Inc., a computer forensic firm retained by Health Net to investigate the breach, reported the data could be viewable with commonly available software.

Privacy, security and data protection of non-public, personally identifiable and sensitive information (e.g., health, financial data) are increasingly subject to stricter rules and regulations. The use of the Internet and web, making digital information more susceptible to undetected duplication, transmission and access – not to mention the obvious fact that carrying millions of pages of records would be impossible, while walking out with a single hard disk or CD-ROM on which the same data and information has been scanned or stored in digital form – can be virtually undetectable.

Do you know of any law firm that has a team of privacy and data security, identity theft and data breach legal professionals? A firm that has health care, financial services and insurance specialists, as well as lawyers steeped in digital technology, information security and e-commerce? A firm that has transactional, regulatory compliance and policy-oriented lawyers who can audit current practices and policies, assist in developing mechanisms needed to satisfy regulatory requirements, and provide legal support to help avoid a legal problem, and also regulatory, compliance and litigation professionals who can represent and defend clients if a problem arises? Now you do – Reed Smith. If you need more information, contact me, Joseph I. (“Joe”) Rosenbaum, or Mark Melodia or Paul Bond, or the Reed Smith attorney with whom you regularly work, if you need legal advice, information or support on this subject.

UK Sports Minister Proposes Changes to Gambling Legislation

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Tue, 12 Jan 2010 14:00:03 -0500

This post was written by Laura Hicks and Joseph I. Rosenbaum.

Last week, Gerry Sutcliffe, Minister for Sport in the United Kingdom, announced proposals to make significant changes to the existing legislative framework under which remote gambling is regulated. Following a review of the system of online gambling regulation in Great Britain by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, a consultation is being launched with a view to introducing laws requiring all online operators to apply for a license from the Gambling Commission in order to either advertise or provide gambling services to British consumers. According to the Minister for Sport, the proposed changes were "necessary to ensure the protections in the Gambling Act – to keep gambling crime free, to ensure gambling is fair and open, and to ensure that children and vulnerable people are protected from harm – continue to be afforded to British consumers."

Under the proposals, a license will be required even if the gambling services are offered to British consumers using remote gambling equipment from outside Great Britain. Currently, only operators based and licensed in the UK are allowed to advertise in the UK, unless the country in which they are based is either a member state of the EEA or on the government's "whitelist." More information on the "whitelist" is available on the Department for Culture, Media and Sport website, but to give you some insight, territories currently on the list are Antigua and Barbuda, Tasmania, the States of Alderney and the Isle of Man. "Whitelisting" is the process used by the UK Ministry to assess the regulatory framework for gambling in any jurisdictions outside the EEA that apply for permission to advertise their services within the UK.

As well as being obliged to share information about suspicious betting patterns with the UK's sports governing bodies and the Gambling Commission, foreign operators would also have to comply with British license requirements concerning the protection of children and vulnerable people, and contribute to the research, education and treatment of problem gambling in the UK.

This appears to be a move by the UK government to close a loophole in the laws that protect online gamblers in the UK, and that more closely mirror the more protectionist regime in the United States. If this extension of the licensing regime is introduced into legislation, it will be interesting to see how the regulator intends to enforce the license scheme against gambling companies with no UK presence. In the United States, enforcement has involved a variety of "indirect" mechanisms, from the Department of Justice's use of the Interstate Wire Act of 1951, which applies to sports betting to assert jurisdiction over online gaming – even though the Fifth Circuit ruled in 2002 that the Wire Act only applies to sports betting – to seizing advertising payments made to broadcast networks by advertisers seeking to promote online gambling considered illegal by the United States. Since 2006, with the enactment of the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 (UIGEA), the United States has sought to seize assets in financial institutions tied to online gambling, based on what it considers illegal activity, money laundering and a variety of other offenses (see, for example, a recent Huffington Post article). It is noteworthy that UIGEA does not make online gambling illegal per se, but rather prohibits any transfer of funds from a financial institution (as defined in the legislation) to an illegal Internet gambling site.

Once you read the UK Sports Ministry's announcement, if you need more information, contact Laura Hicks, an associate in the Media and Technology team, in our London office. Of course, you can always contact me, Joseph I. ("Joe") Rosenbaum in New York, or Gregor Pryor in London, or the Reed Smith attorney with whom you regularly work, if you need legal advice, information or support on this subject.

2010 ANA Advertising Law & Public Policy Conference

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Mon, 11 Jan 2010 10:41:52 -0500

Join top legal professionals and government regulators March 17-18, 2010 in Washington, D.C., at the 2010 Annual ANA Advertising Law & Public Policy Conference, where you will hear from Jon Leibowitz, Chairman of the FTC and Doug Gansler, Maryland attorney general, as well as leading legal experts both from law firms and client-side marketers.

Connect with key industry leaders and policymakers as we discuss the most volatile and fast-moving legal and political environment for advertising and marketing in decades. Learn about the new regulations, legislation and major court cases that are fundamentally changing the business environment, and how you can keep up!

For the full agenda and to register, go to http://www.ana.net/adlaw2010.

Libel Tourism: Will Free Speech Return to the United Kingdom?

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Fri, 08 Jan 2010 09:59:04 -0500

[The following article, authored by Michael Skrein and Tom Webley, who are both resident in our London office, reviews the current (and future) state of the UK’s libel multiple publication rule. It was first published as “In Focus. Libel Tourism,” in Legal Strategy Review, Issue 5 (Winter 2009/10), and Legal Bytes gratefully acknowledges and appreciates their permission to re-publish it.]

Media organisations, publishers, journalists and human rights lawyers have, for many years, argued that the UK’s libel multiple publication rule is incompatible with free speech in the modern digital age. This ancient rule renders each publication of defamatory material liable to be sued on as a separate cause of action. That means, for example, that if material remains available online in archives or live websites, the threat of proceedings being issued will hang over the head of the publisher indefinitely.

The limitation periods in England and Wales for defamation is one year from publication. However, under the multiple publication rule, each ‘hit’ on a website is treated as a new publication and can lead to a claim being brought within that time frame. The rule dates back to a case in 1849 which arose when the Duke of Brunswick purchased a copy of a newspaper published 17 years previously. He then sued for defamation over its contents. The new purchase was ruled to equate to a new publication, thereby allowing him to sue. The rule has been applied to defamation cases in England and Wales ever since.

A Time For Change?

Unsurprisingly, many lawyers in England and Wales have been arguing that the rule is completely inappropriate and a dangerous anachronism. Many overseas lawyers greet the existence of the rule with disbelief. Nearly 100 years after the Duke of Brunswick case, in 1948, the New York appellate court decided that the multiple publication rule had no place in an American society with mass publication and nationwide distribution, and it replaced the rule with a single publication regime.

The UK Ministry of Justice has recently published a consultation paper on the topic. It agrees that the multiple publication rule has failed to keep pace with the digital age, conceding that defending a claim becomes increasingly difficult as time passes.

However, it says that this difficulty must be balanced against the need for a claimant to be given suitable redress for damage to reputation. The paper suggests implementing a single publication rule in which the limitation period runs from the date on which the claimant discovers the defamatory material (if this is within 10 years of initial publication) and/or to have a defence of qualified privilege for archived material (this defence would be defeated if the defendant failed to remove the material having received a reasonable request to do so).

Implementing a single publication rule in England and Wales would be good news for publishers operating in those countries, and others worldwide would also breathe a sigh of relief as it would reduce the incidence of ‘libel tourism’ in the jurisdictions. For many years, overseas claimants have flocked to the courts to bring defamation actions. As there is no equivalent to the U.S. First Amendment, defendants face several additional legal hurdles, and they may have to pay damages and huge legal fees if they lose.

The consultation closed on 16 December 2009 and the Ministry of Justice will now consider the responses. Perhaps soon English law will finally lay to rest the spirit of the Duke of Brunswick.

If you need to know, you need to contact Michael Skrein, a partner, and Tom Webley, an associate, both in our London office. Of course, you can always contact me, Joseph I. (“Joe”) Rosenbaum - or your favorite Reed Smith attorney - who will be more than happy to help or coordinate getting your legal needs taken care of.

That's Cloud Computing, Not Smog, Spreading From L.A.

Joseph I. Rosenbaum — Thu, 07 Jan 2010 13:52:50 -0500

Although reports of dissipating smog may be premature, if postings from Google are to be believed, Los Angeles is officially in the cloud. Google’s online email and collaboration cloud, that is! City employees will now use cloud computing for email and working on collaborative projects together. Google hails cloud computing for the city of Los Angeles as something that “will improve the security and reliability of city email, transitioning from servers in the City Hall basement to hosted, secure data centers.”

Los Angeles isn’t the only place to fall in love with clouds. VISI, the largest provider of data-center and managed-hosting services last month (December 2009), announced a public beta of ReliaCloud – a cloud computing service available to users anywhere. Set up an account online, set up computer servers in one of the VISI data centers, and employee-users can access the service from anywhere – anywhere there’s an Internet browser and connection. Cost? Reportedly, the pricing starts at 5 cents an hour! Welcome to fungible, commodity computing. According to VISI, its cloud service was designed to be reliable, affordable and scalable. The beta is targeted at small- to medium-sized commercial users, and businesses can apply at www.reliacloud.com. And VISI anticipates storage and other services to become available over time as part of a suite of offerings. Just one example among many of companies offering and embracing cloud computing.

The United States isn’t the only country where cloud computing environments are springing up. Back in September, the city of Dongying in China announced a strategic initiative with IBM, where the city is hoping to transform its industrial, petroleum-based environment into a service-driven economy. The cloud will be designed to allow start-up companies to do testing and software development through the web, but will also include electronic government services (e.g., e-services). IBM has also set up cloud computing in the Chinese city of Wuxi, and was recently picked to build another cloud computing platform - Quang Trung Software City – in Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon, the former capital of South Vietnam). For you trivia buffs, Quang Trung was an Emperor of Vietnam centuries ago. IBM is another emerging player, along with Microsoft’s Azure, Amazon.com’s EC2, and Google’s AppEngine, to name only a few of the more prominent participants in the growing move to cloud computing environments.

So, if your head is in the clouds or if all of this seems foggy to you, you should consider learning more – especially about the legal implications and issues. And you probably should start doing so BEFORE your IT, Finance, HR, Security, Audit, or Operations people (or maybe even the government regulators), come knocking on the door! Want or need help? Contact me, Joseph I. (“Joe”) Rosenbaum, or the Reed Smith attorney with whom you regularly work. We’ll help get you out of the mist and back on Cloud Nine!